The belief systems and practices of ancient cultures are often referred to as "old religion". Although its definition is somewhat arbitrary and often includes Christianity or various forms of Islam, it is commonly used. It also includes the religions in India and Arabia. While they may not be fundamentally distinct, they do share some common characteristics. The power of reason is the foundation of the old religions, but they can also be influenced by revelation and intuition to develop a belief system.
Religions of the past
Religious beliefs and practices were prevalent in the ancient world. These religions' charismatic leaders traveled extensively across Europe and along itinerant routes. They were the primary determinants of human culture and life. In antiquity religious beliefs were universally accepted and widely spread.
These beliefs have their roots in many cultural traditions. These traditions are explored in the Ancient Religions MA program. This course provides new insight into the functioning of ancient religions. The MA program can be customized to fit the interests of each student.
Hinduism
Hinduism, an ancient religion, has many traditions. Its beliefs focus on the sanctity and supremacy of life, as well as Brahman, which is the supreme soul. Hindus believe that there is a concept of karma, rebirth, as well as salvation. Hindus are extremely religious.
While there is no history of Hinduism's founder, it has evolved through centuries of ritual, enlightenment or reformations. There is no single central text for Hinduism, so the tradition is a collection of many different religions.
Buddhism
Buddhists believe in the eternality of life and that it is subject to suffering. They seek truth within their own lives and the understanding of Buddha's teachings. They are constantly reborn and can relive their past lives. Their lives are continuously improved as a result. Buddhism does not have a single right answer.
Buddhism is a major world religion with 376 million adherents around the world. It originated in India during the sixth century B.C.E.. Later, it spread to Southeast Asia. Korea, Japan and China. Buddhists are found today in over 170 countries.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism has been around since ancient times. Avesta is the oldest text. The Avesta is made up of sacred verses called Gathas that Prophet Zarathushtra orally transmitted to his followers. The Avesta consists of five Gathas, each containing seventeen hymns. Zoroastrianism's scholars emphasize the centrality and importance of the Gathas. Gathic principles forbid excessive ritualism and emphasize the importance of ethical behavior and human reason as co-workers with God.
The Zoroastrian religion has its roots in ancient Persia and may be 4,000 years old. During the Persian dynasties, Zoroastrianism was the state religion. Many of the followers fled Iran to India and practice the religion as a minority. Zoroastrianism today has between 100,000 and 200,000 followers all over the globe. It has a rich, varied history and has been influential in other religions.
Maya
Earth and sky were considered two opposing entities in ancient Maya religion. Maya considered the earth to be the back of a gigantic crocodile. The sky, however, was a double headed serpent. The sky's name is similar to that of a snake. Cross-bands are used to identify the constellations. Maya saw the sun- and moon as symbols of the celestial bodies.
Maya art is filled with symbols associated to death and the belowworld. There were many symbols and glyphs that they used, including crossed bones and disembodied eyes. Pawahtun, the patron of scribes, was another god they had. Ix Chel, the goddess of childbirth and healing, was another Maya deity. Her sister, Chak Chel, was a weaver, and was the patroness of the islands of Cozumel.